Dark Sky

Ward Schumaker's illustration accompanying Grant Barrett's essay in the NYT.

Lexicographer Grant Barrett published a list of words that entered into common usage in 2011 that he thinks will be with us for a while. One of them was this:

DARK SKY Designates a place free of nighttime light pollution. For example, the island of Sark in the English Channel is a dark-sky island.

This is meaningful in several respects. First, it signifies that light polluted skies, hazy, starless, jaundice-colored, are so ubiquitous that the absence of them is notable (and now, through the International Dark Sky Associations’s Dark Sky Places program, certifiable.) Second, the common adoption of the phrase signifies (I hope) that people are waking up to the harm light pollution causes to animals, plants and quite probably humans and are willing to do something about it. Unlike many intractable problems, light pollution has a clear and simple solution: full cut-off outdoor lighting fixtures.

The cynic in me sees a scarier, sadder, side to the creation of Dark Sky preserves. I worry that people will become complacent and think that we can hem the night sky into little zoos and then not worry about the skies everywhere else. It’s only partially about an inspiring vista, remember, there are health and environmental impacts, not to mention grotesque wastes of money involved.

And there’s the commoditization of nature. Bill McKibben once wrote that the difference between wilderness and civilization is that in wilderness nobody can sell you anything; I fear that advanced capitalism is figuring out how to sell us wilderness itself. To put it more straightforwardly-the rarity of truly dark skies and the cost to get these places is putting perhaps one of the most crucial views of the universe-and our place within it-out of reach of many people. The night sky should not be for rich people only. Something once free, like air or sunshine, has now been turned into a rare commodity. I wonder when they’ll start trading it. But that leads me to a different word of 2011 according to Barrett: Occupy Wall Street. But that’s for a different blog.

Two Self-Portraits (of planet Earth)

Earthrise, photographed by Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders on December 24th, 1968.

Just before the holidays, I had the opportunity to do a little driveway stargazing with a guest from Syria. His hometown is just outside the city of Homs, actually, and if you read or listen to just a little news you know his people are going through a very, very hard time. Getting shot in the streets kind of hard. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the suffering in his homeland, he is excited about any new experience, and he had never looked through a telescope before. We did a quick tour (it was very cold!), stopping at Jupiter, the Andromeda galaxy, and ending with the moon. It was the last thing that dropped his jaw. It turns out Muslims also use God’s name when amazed by something, but it’s an incantation of appreciation and wonder.

We had him back over for dinner on Christmas Eve. He had never experienced an American Christmas before. Actually, to a large extent, he still hasn’t…most of my household’s traditions come from Slovakia. When we gathered near the tree after the long “Dinner of Many Courses” (sliced apple, oblatky with nuts, garlic and honey, sauerkraut soup, fried chicken and potato salad and the cavalcade of cookies), our guest was surprised to find a gift waiting for him. It was a print I had made of the famous “Earthrise” image taken by Apollo 8 astronauts as they orbited the moon on Christmas Eve, 1968. I think he was touched.

That photograph is very significant. Though not the first photograph of the planet from space (I wrote about that image in this post) it was the most viewed and appreciated. Galen Rowell, the eminent nature photographer, called  Earthrise ”the most influential environmental photograph ever taken.” The first Earth Day was celebrated the following year, and now everyone had an image to keep in mind. Bill Anders, the Apollo 8 astronaut who took the photograph, later reflected: ”I instantly thought it was ironic; we had come all this way to study the moon, and yet it was this view of the Earth that was one of the most important events for Apollo 8.”

Anders continued: “There are basically two messages that came to me. One of them is that the planet is quite fragile. It reminded me of a Christmas tree ornament. But the other message to me, and I don’t think this one has really sunk in yet, is that the Earth is really small. We’re not the center of the universe; we’re way out in left field on a tiny dust mote, but it is our home and we need to take care of it.”

Flash forward four decades to another photograph, this one from August, 2011, snapped by the Juno spacecraft, 6 million miles into its journey to the planet Jupiter. Juno is an robotic spacecraft, so we can’t ask the photographer directed for comments. It gives perspective to our perspective. The earth is not just small. It’s really small. And please, people, for now, it’s all we’ve got.

Juno's photograph of earth and the moon. If the earth was a peppercorn, the moon would be a pinhead about an index finger's length away. Mars, our aspirational next destination for manned exploration, would be about 14 yards away.

Astronomy Apps for your Iphone, Ipod or Ipad

Moon Globe is one of my favorite Ipod Apps, and it's free! You can use it to navigate around the moon through the telescope, and visitors to the telescope always enjoy seeing the area where the Apollo 11 astronauts landed. No, you can't see the footprint, or the flag!

In this post I wrote about the sea-change in mobile computing that Apple’s family of i-devices–phones, pods and pads–has thrust upon us, and its potential for changing the way we interact with the night sky in particular. I didn’t want that post to be an app review, but rather an assessment of the wider impact of the technology. I intended to follow up with a collection of apps that I use and think are useful, but Andrew Fraknoi from Foothills College has beat me to it, publishing the first complete list of astronomy-related i-apps in Astronomy Education Review. You can read the pdf of that article, with active links, here.

 

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